ANTHROPOLOGY HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT HELP
ANTHROPOLOGY
What is anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of humans, early hominids and primates, such as chimpanzees.
Anthropologists study human language, culture, societies, biological and material remains, the biology and behavior of primates, and even our own buying habits. It’s a broad discipline that constantly incorporates new technologies and ideas. As technologies are developed that allow exoplanets to be detected and studied in greater detail, anthropology may eventually expand to include the study of non-human civilizations.
“Historically, anthropologists in the United States have been trained in one of four areas: sociocultural anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics,” writes the American Anthropological Association on its website. “Anthropologists often integrate the perspectives of several of these areas into their research, teaching, and professional lives.”
Anthropology is divided into three subfields: sociocultural, biological, and archaeology.
SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Sociocultural anthropologists interpret the content of particular cultures, explain variation among cultures, and study processes of cultural change and social transformation. UC Davis sociocultural anthropologists conduct research on most areas of the world, focusing on topics that include: human ecology; gender relations; culture and ideology; demography and family systems; race, class and gender inequality; resistance movements; colonialism, neocolonialism, and development; and cultural politics in the West.
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Biological anthropologists study a variety of aspects of human evolutionary biology. Some examine fossils and apply their observations to understanding human evolution; others compare morphological, biochemical genetic, and physiological adaptations of living humans to their environments; still others observe behavior of human and nonhuman primates (monkeys and apes) to understand the roots of human behavior.
ARCHAEOLOGY
Archaeologists study the material remains of present and past cultural systems to understand the technical, social and political organization of those systems and the larger culture cultural evolutionary process that stand behind them. The UC Davis program in archaeology emphasizes research in California and the Great Basin, but also supports the study of hunter-gatherer systems in general, and is engaged in such research in Australia Alaska, Peru, Greenland, Western Europe, North and South Africa, and northern Asia.
How do you become an anthropologist?
Anthropologists tend to have either a master’s or doctoral degree. There are many universities in the United States, Canada and Europe that teach the discipline. Often those studying anthropology will specialize in a specific area. Fieldwork is often required to complete a degree.
Where do anthropologists work?
Anthropologists can be found working for a wide variety of employers. These include museums, police departments, marketing companies, cultural resource management firms, government agencies and research institutes.
Characteristics of anthropology
Culture
Anthropologists study the cultures of many societies in man’s history. According to the University of Idaho, culture is the primary component of the study of anthropology. Defined as a group of people and the organizational structure of its society, culture involves a system of symbols that help to organize values for this group. It is also defined as the primary influence on how people in a society act.
Holistic Approach
Anthropology studies the human experience throughout history from four primary perspectives: history, biology, linguistics and culture. Students of anthropology study people all over the world and past as well as contemporary societies. It incorporates the study of related fields: archeology, physical anthropology, linguistics, cultural anthropology and ethnography. The holistic approach of anthropology integrates knowledge from each of these fields.
Field Work
Anthropology involves direct contact with the people being studied whether it is a culture from the past or a contemporary society. It is important for an anthropologist to ask questions and to be concerned about a society’s ethical issues. During field work of a contemporary society, anthropologists ideally should get the permission and cooperation of the people being studied.
Participant observation is a key component of field work in a modern society. Participant observation involves actively taking part in the events and daily lives of the people. Interviews help the anthropologist gain an understanding of the culture.
EARLY ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology traces its roots to ancient Greek historical and philosophical writings about human nature and the organization of human society. Anthropologists generally regard Herodotus, a Greek historian who lived in the 400s bc, as the first thinker to write widely on concepts that would later become central to anthropology. In the book History, Herodotus described the cultures of various peoples of the Persian Empire, which the Greeks conquered during the first half of the 400s bc. He referred to Greece as the dominant culture of the West and Persia as the dominant culture of the East. This type of division, between white people of European descent and other peoples, established the mode that most anthropological writing would later adopt.
The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, who lived in the 14th century ad, was another early writer of ideas relevant to anthropology. Khaldun examined the environmental, sociological, psychological, and economic factors that affected the development and the rise and fall of civilizations. Both Khaldun and Herodotus produced remarkably objective, analytic, ethnographic descriptions of the diverse cultures in the Mediterranean world, but they also often used secondhand information.
During the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries ad) biblical scholars dominated European thinking on questions of human origins and cultural development. They treated these questions as issues of religious belief and promoted the idea that human existence and all of human diversity were the creations of God.
Beginning in the 15th century, European explorers looking for wealth in new lands provided vivid descriptions of the exotic cultures they encountered on their journeys in Asia, Africa, and what are now the Americas. But these explorers did not respect or know the languages of the peoples with whom they came in contact, and they made brief, unsystematic observations.
The European Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries marked the rise of scientific and rational philosophical thought. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Scottish-born David Hume, John Locke of England, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau of France, wrote a number of humanistic works on the nature of humankind. They based their work on philosophical reason rather than religious authority and asked important anthropological questions. Rousseau, for instance, wrote on the moral qualities of “primitive” societies and about human inequality. But most writers of the Enlightenment also lacked firsthand experience with non-Western cultures.
Some of the famous anthropologists, include;
Dian Fossey
Zora Neale Hurston
Margaret Mead
Franz Boas
Bruno Latour
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Clifford Geertz
Jane Goodall
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What are The Citation Practices Followed In Assignments?
The citation practice depends upon the format the instructor advises you to follow. Every format has a different citation process. Some follow regular bibliography, some require in-text citations, and some require block references in the middle of the text. Make sure you properly go through the format and instructions that your professor gives you.
ANTHROPOLOGY QUESTIONS
1.Explain Julian Steward’s concept of ‘cultural ecology’. Do you see any similarities in
the ‘cultural historical approach’ advocated by Steward’s students in their jointly
authored work The People of Puerto Rico and the concept of ‘political ecology’ used
in current writings? What do you regard as the key attributes of political ecological
approaches?
2.For this week, answer only one of the following three questions and include a Works Cited page in addition to the required page length:
Option 1) Write 1-2 pages on the “moundbuilder” debate of North America. What were some of the early hypotheses for construction? How was this debate finally resolved? (at least 400 words count)
Option 2) Write 1-2 pages about Otzi the iceman. What types of artifacts or ecofacts are found with the iceman? What types of analytical techniques were performed on his remains? How do scientists believe he died? (at least 400 words count)
Option 3) Select one survey or sampling technique reviewed in the readings. Write 1-2 pages discussing your selected method including how it has contributed to helping archaeologists identify sites. (at least 400 words count)
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